History de NEW YORK

Coming from Asia via the still-frozen Bering Strait tens of thousands of years ago, the first inhabitants of the American continent gradually colonized the land, with varied and exciting cultures. Native Americans built empires, sophisticated cities, elaborate trade networks and complex social systems. Today, Texas officially recognizes three Native American tribes, although more than fifty are thought to have lived here. This contrasts with New Mexico, which now recognizes 23 different tribes. Some of the best-known tribes in Texas are the Caddo (Northeast), Karankawa (Gulf Coast), Tonkawa (Central), Wichita (North), Comanche and Apache (Northwest). Native American societies were mainly agricultural (corn, pepper) or hunter-gatherer cultures, which was the source of their social development. Settlements were constantly evolving, and were never really static. The Comanches, for example, were originally settled in Wyoming. They then migrated to Oklahoma and Texas. Some theories trace their origins to the Valley of Mexico, making them a descendant branch of the Aztecs.

Missioned by François I, the Florentine sailor Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to explore New York Bay. He met the local Algonquin tribes and explored the site he called New Angoulême. He planted the flag of the King of France before continuing his journey north

Birth of Henry Hudson in England.

In 1609, on an expedition for the Dutch East India Company, this English navigator sailed up the river that would bear his name, and claimed the site of the future New York in the name of Holland. Back in England, he was arrested for sailing for a foreign power. From now on, he is required to sail under the English flag. In 1610, it was financed by an English company that he set out again in search of the Northwest Passage. At the controls of the Discovery, she reached Hudson Bay, but the ship was caught in the ice and the crew was forced to spend the winter ashore. In the spring, Hudson decided to continue the expedition, but his men had only one idea in mind: to return to England. A mutiny ensued and Hudson was abandoned on a rowboat with his son and seven crew members. The Discovery will return to England, but without its captain, who will never be found

Dutch families arrive and settle at the tip of Manhattan Island. The first slaves were brought in the following year by the Dutch West India Company.

In exchange for a few trinkets, the Algonquins who occupied Manhattan Island gave up their territory. The construction of Fort Amsterdam, which was to protect the colony from attacks by other powers, began and New Amsterdam was officially created

The English capture New Amsterdam. This event took place against the backdrop of the Anglo-Dutch Wars, a conflict between the two powers over control of maritime trade routes. King Charles II of England donates the colony to his brother, the Duke of York, and renames it New York.

The Dutch took over the colony, before handing it over to the English the following year, with the signing of the Westminster Treaty

At the beginning of the 18th century, New York's population, already cosmopolitan, reached almost 5,000 inhabitants. A yellow fever outbreak kills 500 people

More than 40% of New Yorkers own slaves. Established on Wall Street, the slave market allows the city, which collects taxes on each sale, to enrich itself. Twenty-three slaves decided to rebel: the Slave Rebellion killed nine settlers. Twenty-one slaves were sentenced to death for their role in the revolt. As a result of this incident, restrictions on blacks, even those who have been freed, are further tightened. They no longer have the right to assemble and now face the death penalty for certain crimes, including trespassing. The freed slaves, on the other hand, no longer have the right to own land. Finally, settlers wishing to free their slaves must pay a tax higher than the purchase price of a slave.

The Conquest War pitted the French and British, supported respectively by their Amerindian allies, against each other for the colonial domination of North America. New York is the base for British operations. This conflict gave settlers the feeling that they were able to defend themselves without the support of the British army. The first seeds of the revolution are sown

The taxes put in place in the colonies by the British crown to offset the cost of wars provoked the wrath of the settlers. The Stamp Act Congress, which saw British settlers and authorities clash in Federal Hall, marked the beginning of the American Revolution. This debate led to the creation of the Sons of Liberty, a rebel organization opposed to the British crown.

The war between the British crown and its colonies was declared. Led by George Washington, the continental army suffered several defeats in the New York area, including the Battle of Long Island. This battle is the largest and bloodiest of all those fought during the American Revolution for the country's independence. Washington retreats to New Jersey and the British take over the city, where they will remain until the end of the war. New York became a Loyalist stronghold where a large part of British political and military operations were carried out. The English are hurting the city and mistreating its population. They use old worm-eaten ships as prisons, in which they lock up American fighters in inhuman conditions.

The settlers declared their independence on July 4, 1776 and won the war. Washington enters New York as the last British troops evacuate the city

New York became the first federal capital of the United States under the Constitution. George Washington, the first American president, is inducted into Federal Hall.

Creation of Tammany Hall, an organization affiliated with the Democratic Party that will make the rain and sunshine of New York politics for seven decades. The organization first of all acts as the voice of immigrants deprived of civil rights, helping them and offering them unwavering support in return. Powerful and increasingly corrupt, it has an influence that extends beyond politics to the press, the judiciary and the police. This political machine will later go so far as to join the mafia and will use increasingly aggressive methods to achieve its goals. This was particularly the case during the reign of William "Boss" Tweed, from the 1850s onwards. It was not until Mayor Fiorello La Guardia came to power that Tammany Hall's influence began to diminish.

Twenty-four New York stockbrokers meet in the shade of the plane tree under which financiers and speculators are used to trading, a place that corresponds to the current 68 Wall Street. They signed the Buttonwood Agreement, which gave rise to the New York Stock Exchange

The Erie Canal, which establishes a waterway between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes, is inaugurated. The economic impact is resounding, New York confirms its position as a commercial capital and occupies an increasingly predominant place in the New World

Following a series of laws introduced in 1799, New York State, initially resistant to the abolition of slavery because of its trade ties with the South, freed its last slaves

Central Park, the largest park in the city, was created. It was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvet Vaux, two landscape architects who dreamed of a green space where everyone could find happiness.

As the country rips apart over slavery and sinks into the Civil War, riots erupt in New York City in response to a new law exempting wealthy people from military obligations. The working class rebels, blacks are murdered in the middle of the street and buildings are burned down. Lincoln sent militia regiments to regain control of the city and put an end to the three-day insurgency.

Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, which connects Manhattan to the city of Brooklyn, is completed.

The Statue of Liberty is inaugurated as a gift from France to celebrate the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence

New York is no longer limited to the island of Manhattan alone: the former counties of Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx and Staten Island are integrated into the city, whose population doubles

Construction of the 86-metre-high Flatiron Building was completed. Manhattan's architecture became increasingly vertical.

Thanks to the revolutionary invention of the elevator by a certain Elisha Otis, fifty years earlier, New York was able to gain the height it so badly needed

To facilitate travel in a city that had become gigantic, the New York metro was created. The subway is one of the expressions of the intense industrialization that the country has known since the mid-19th century

To combat alcohol and its consequences of violence, crime and corruption, Prohibition is instituted at the national level. Speakeasies, these clandestine bars controlled by the mafia, flourished in New York City, while a vast smuggling network developed

The speculative bubble bursts and Wall Street prices collapse. The longest stock market crash in history plunges America, then the whole world, into the Great Depression

The 1930s were marked by the greatest economic crisis of the 20th century. One third of New Yorkers are unemployed and Central Park, with its makeshift huts, looks like a slum.

TheEmpire State Building becomes the tallest skyscraper in New York, ahead of the Chrysler Building.

Often considered the best mayor in New York City, La Guardia was a small man with a flamboyant personality. Born to an Italian father and a Hungarian Jewish mother, Fiorello La Guardia was multilingual and worked as an interpreter on Ellis Island between 1907 and 1910, while studying law. In 1934, he became the 99th mayor of New York City. During his three terms in office, he had to deal with the consequences of the Second World War and the Great Depression. La Guardia reigns over a city plagued by poverty, corruption and organized crime. He particularly abhorred the mafia, which gave a bad image of the Italian community, and had Lucky Luciano, the fearsome godfather of one of the Cosa Nostra families, arrested. His allies include President Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose financial support enabled him to launch a massive public works campaign to modernise the city's infrastructure and create jobs.

The New York World Expo attracts more than 44 million visitors and strengthens New York's position as a cultural hub.

During the Second World War, the United States took first place in all areas of the economy. New York City thrives on its port and numerous factories..

The economic boom that followed the Second World War changed the face of Midtown, where glass and steel towers were growing like mushrooms. The same thing began to happen in Lower Manhattan in the 1960s.

A serious fiscal crisis puts New York on the verge of bankruptcy. The economic and social situation is deteriorating, the city is becoming known for its high crime rate. Covered in graffiti, the New York metro was nicknamed Muggers Express (mugger means aggressors), as the chances of being attacked are so high when you use it. The Times Square area is mainly frequented by prostitutes and their pimps, while Central Park is becoming the scene of daily rape and assault. A major corruption investigation is launched within the New York Police Department following the denunciations of police officer Frank Serpico.

New York is plunged into darkness following a power failure. For two days, the city was in complete chaos. Looting, riots and social unrest are on the increase, leading to the arrest of nearly 4,000 people.

The New York Stock Exchange regained its status as the world's economic and financial leader, despite the 1987 crash that led to mass layoffs

Crack use is exploding in New York City and the rest of the United States. A climate of violence settles in, New York becomes a dangerous and dilapidated city where gangs rule. A tragic record was set in 1990, when 2,245 murders were committed

The World Trade Center is targeted by a terrorist attack that killed six people

After a campaign focused on fighting crime and reducing unemployment, Rudolph Giuliani became the 107th mayor of New York. To clean up the city, he used radical methods: zero tolerance, strong repression and increased police presence. Security returns to New York, but Giuliani is blamed for his authoritarianism and brutal policy.

This Tuesday morning, two planes hit the twin towers of the World Trade Center, killing more than 2,600 people and injuring hundreds. A cloud of dust covers the south side of the city, swamped by debris. We must find the missing, collect the bodies, then rebuild. Even if New York City does eventually recover from this ordeal, it will never be the same again. The city is entering a new era, the post-9/11 era. The healing process will take years, and America's response, struck to the heart, will be terrible. Almost two decades later, the health consequences of the attacks are many and lasting. The shadow of cancer hangs over those who breathed in the toxic cloud caused by the collapse of the towers. It is now estimated that this cloud of debris, filled with dangerous pollutants such as asbestos, lead and mercury, has caused an additional 2,000 deaths.

Michael Bloomberg, Mayor of New York since 2002, wins a third term. During his eleven years as mayor of the city, he made health one of his priorities, particularly the fight against tobacco and obesity. It also focuses on ecology and implements major environmental projects. Crime continues to fall, partly due to the controversial stop and frisk policy. A billionaire, Bloomberg is accused of attracting the rich at the expense of the poorest New Yorkers, aggravating the inequality gap.

Hurricane Sandy is devastating the East Coast. Rising waters flood Lower Manhattan, Brooklyn and Staten Island. South Manhattan is without power for several days and, historically, the Wall Street stock exchange has ceased trading for 48 hours. The next day, at the time of the assessment, we learned that the hurricane killed 43 people in New York alone. This is the largest natural disaster in the city's history, and the city is discovering that it is not prepared for this kind of event.

Bill de Blasio is elected mayor of New York. This Democratic mayor is not very popular with New Yorkers, but his rather positive record and the absence of a real opponent allow him to win a second term in 2019.

Eric Garner dies after a brutal arrest on Staten Island. The debate on police violence against African Americans is being revived.

The One World Trade Center tower, erected where the twin towers collapsed, opens its doors. At its feet is the 9/11 Memorial, two pools on which the names of the victims have been engraved. The 9/11 Memorial was inaugurated in 2011, commemorating the 10th anniversary of the attacks.

Donald Trump is elected president of the United States. For several months, anti-Trump protests will take place at the foot of his tower, Trump Tower, on^5th Avenue

The city has its lowest murder rate since 1944, with only 289 homicides.

New York becomes one of the cities hardest hit in the world by the Covid-19 pandemic. Governor Andrew Cuomo declared a state of emergency on March 7, and the city went into lockdown in mid-March, closing schools and non-essential businesses. Hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers lost their jobs and the city was emptied of some of its inhabitants. The gradual reopening of New York is scheduled for June 2020.

After the death in Minneapolis of George Floyd at the hands of police officer Derek Chauvin, a wave of indignation rises in the country and puts at the heart of the debate the question of police violence and the treatment of black people in the United States. Peaceful demonstrations, led by the Black Lives Matter political movement, and a few riots took place throughout the country, notably in New York, where Governor Andrew Cuomo put in place a curfew from¹ to 7 June, in the particular context of the Covid-19 health crisis. The city had not had a curfew since 1943.

Accused of sexual harassment by several women, New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo stepped down and was replaced by his right-hand woman Kathy Hochul, who became the first woman to hold the post.

After winning the Democratic primary and handily defeating Republican candidate Curtis Sliwa, Eric Adams succeeds Bill de Blasio to become New York's ^110th mayor. A native of Brooklyn, this former NYPD police officer becomes the city's second African-American mayor.

The U.S. Supreme Court revokes its Roe v. Wade decision, which since 1973 has guaranteed the right of American women to have an abortion. This decision leaves each state free to prohibit, restrict or authorize abortion under certain conditions. This event, which is causing a nationwide outcry but ultimately surprising few, is one of the indirect consequences of Donald Trump's term in office, as the former president appointed three of the justices who voted to repeal Roe v. Wade.

The mountains of rubbish bags that are part of the New York skyline will soon be a thing of the past. To clean up the streets and limit the proliferation of rats, Mayor Eric Adams is launching a program to wage war on litter. From now on, New Yorkers will be required to deposit their garbage in dedicated containers. A small revolution for a city that produces more than 6 million tonnes of garbage a year.

Donald Trump remporte la présidence des États-Unis, face à la démocrate Kamala Harris. Bien que Harris ait remporté la ville de New York avec environ 55 % des voix contre 43 % pour Trump, ce dernier a réalisé une progression notable par rapport à l'élection de 2016, où il avait recueilli 37,5 % des voix face à Joe Biden. La seconde présidence du républicain débute le 20 janvier 2025, dans un climat particulièrement tendu.

Zohran Mamdani, candidat affilié au Democratic Socialists of America (DSA), remporte haut la main la primaire démocrate pour la mairie de New York, devançant l'ancien gouverneur de l'État de New York Andrew Cuomo, pourtant donné favori. Soutenu par l’aile progressiste, il affrontera le candidat républicain en novembre.