In 1689, with the signing of the Sino-Russian treaty (of Nerchinsk), the city became a prominent commercial centre. Until 1730: the commissioning of the Siberian road (Moscow-Khiakhta, on the Chinese border), redesigns the route of the caravans. Too far away, the city withdrew to its considerable gold and silver reserves, which it exploited in the context of the katorga. Thousands of convicts were assigned there (including the Decembrists). The dazzling neo-Moorish palace Butin (1860), now a museum, dates from this golden age. In the 20th century, Nerchinsk, not connected to the Trans-Siberian Railway, its deposits exhausted, gradually fell into oblivion.

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