The city takes its name from one of the most important capitals of medieval Europe, Florence. It was founded in the 13th century, under the impulse of the local lord, Géraud de Cazaubon. With the approval of the seneschal of Toulouse and the royal protection, he chose the Gers plain as his new residence and named his town Florença. The city was born in 1272, under the reign of Philip III the Bold, according to a bastide plan, very fashionable at the time in Gascony. A market hall marks the center of the village, from where the streets start in a checkerboard pattern. The Hundred Years' War brought many troubles and the city passed from hand to hand, until it landed between those of the Pope in 1350 and 1354. This did not prevent the economic development of the city, which became famous for its serge weaving. The attachment of Gascony to the royal domain of Henri IV allowed Fleurance to become the administrative capital of the Lomagne. It increased its economic importance despite the plague and famine epidemics that decimated its population. In the 18th century, the manufacture of tiles, pen and shoes ensured a certain prosperity for the town, which grew. A big fire destroyed the market hall in 1833, which was rebuilt with the town hall on the first floor. Today, the city is an important tourist center and hosts two major summer festivals: Cuivro-Foliz in July, which celebrates the bandas and wind instruments, and the astronomy festival in August, the most important in France.

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